Vortex patterns of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates in a density-dependent gauge potential

We theoretically examine the vortex states of a gas of trapped quasi-two-dimensional ultracold bosons subject to a density-dependent gauge potential, realizing an effective nonlinear rotation of the atomic condensate, which we also show is within the reach of current experimental techniques with ultracold atom experiments. The nonlinear rotation has a twofold effect; as well as distorting the shape of the condensate it also leads to an inhomogeneous vorticity resulting in unique morphological and topological states, including ring vortex arrangements that do not follow the standard Abrikosov result. The dynamics of trapped vortices are also explored, which differ from the case of rigid-body rotation due to the absence of a global laboratory reference frame.