Degradation of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution by sodium percarbonate activated with Fe(II)-citric acid complex in the presence of surfactant Tween-80

The degradation performance of trichloroethylene (TCE) by sodium percarbonate (SPC) activated with citric acid (CA) chelated Fe(II) in the presence of nonionic surfactant Tween-80 was investigated. The addition of CA successfully prevented the precipitation of iron and facilitated TCE degradation. However, Tween-80 had an inhibitory effect on TCE degradation mainly due to the competition of *OH between Tween-80 and TCE. The effect of SPC and Fe(II) dosage on TCE degradation was also explored and the results displayed that 87.2% of TCE could be degraded in 15 min at the SPC/Fe(II)/CA/TCE molar ratio of 3/4/2/1. Free radical probe tests confirmed that both O2(-)* and *OH were generated in the SPC/Fe(II)/CA system. Free radical scavenging tests implied that the degradation of TCE in the SPC/Fe(II)/CA system was mainly attributed to *OH, while O2(-)* was only partially involved in the degradation of TCE. In addition, TCE removal was suppressed with the raising of the initial solution pH from 3.0 to 9.0. The actual groundwater (containing Tween-80) tests confirmed that 93.2% of TCE degradation could be achieved at the SPC/Fe(II)/CA/TCE molar ratio of 30/40/10/1 and strongly demonstrated that the SPC/Fe(II)/CA process has potential for the in situ treatment of TCE contaminated groundwater in the presence of surfactant Tween-80. In conclusion, TCE degradation by Fe(II) activated SPC system in the presence of Tween-80 can be significantly enhanced with the addition of CA, and this finding offers an innovative direction for removing chlorinated organic contaminants from groundwater in contaminated site after surfactant solubilization treatment. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.