Prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among patients with oromaxillofacial venous malformations

Background: This study evaluated the levels, prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with oral and maxillofacial venous malformations, along with associated factors. Methods: Anxiety and depression, illness perceptions, and social support status of 69 patients with oral and maxillofacial venous malformations were analyzed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, and Social Support Rating Scale, respectively. Eighty healthy controls were matched to the patients by sex, age, monthly income, education level, marital status, and employment status. Results: Patients exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety (3.41 +/- 3.01 vs. 1.03 +/- 1.66; P<0.001) and depression (7.14 +/- 2.47 vs. 2.19 +/- 2.12; P<0.001) compared to controls. Eleven (15.9%) and 30 (43.5%) patients had clinical symptoms of anxiety and depression respectively, compared to 3.8% and 6.3% of the healthy controls, respectively. Thirty-three patients (47.8%) had clinical symptoms of anxiety and/or depression, compared to 7.5% of the healthy controls. Multivariate analyses identified that facial lesions (odds ratio: 17.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.22-259.66; P=0.035), poor utility of social support (odds ratio: 0.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.31; P=0.006), and poor emotional illness perception (odds ratio: 27.39, 95% confidence interval: 5.01-149.89; P<0.001) were significantly associated with anxiety and depression in patients. Conclusions: Patients with oral and maxillofacial venous malformations displayed significantly increased levels and prevalence of anxiety and depression. These findings suggest the need for a standardized treatment for such patients, including appropriate medical intervention, psychological consultation, and social support.