Local conditions and policy design determine whether ecological compensation can achieve No Net Loss goals

被引：82

作者：

Sonter, Laura J. ^{[1
,2
]}

Simmonds, Jeremy S. ^{[1
,2
]}

Watson, James E. M. ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Jones, Julia P. G. ^{[4
]}

Kiesecker, Joseph M. ^{[5
]}

Costa, Hugo M. ^{[3
]}

Bennun, Leon ^{[6
,7
]}

Edwards, Stephen ^{[8
]}

Grantham, Hedley S. ^{[3
]}

Griffiths, Victoria F. ^{[9
]}

Jones, Kendall ^{[3
]}

Sochi, Kei ^{[5
]}

Puydarrieux, Philippe ^{[8
]}

Quetier, Fabien ^{[10
]}

Rainer, Helga ^{[11
]}

Rainey, Hugo ^{[3
]}

Roe, Dilys ^{[12
]}

Satar, Musnanda ^{[13
]}

Soares-Filho, Britaldo S. ^{[14
]}

Starkey, Malcolm ^{[6
,7
]}

ten Kate, Kerry ^{[15
]}

Victurine, Ray ^{[3
]}

von Hase, Amrei ^{[15
]}

Wells, Jessie A. ^{[1
]}

Maron, Martine ^{[1
,2
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Queensland, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia

[2] Univ Queensland, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia

[3] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Global Conservat Program, New York, NY 10460 USA

[4] Bangor Univ, Coll Engn & Environm Sci, Sch Nat Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales

[5] Nature Conservancy, Global Lands, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA

[6] Biodivers Consultancy, 3E Kings Parade, Cambridge CB2 1SJ, England

[7] Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Conservat Sci Grp, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England

[8] Int Union Conservat Nat, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland

[9] Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Zool Res & Adm Bldg,11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, England

[10] Biotope, BP 58, F-34140 Meze, France

[11] Arcus Fdn, CB1 Business Ctr,Leda House,Twenty Stn Rd, Cambridge CB1 2JD, England

[12] Int Inst Environm & Dev IIED, London WC1X 8NH, England

[13] Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Jakarta, Indonesia

[14] Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Ctr Sensoriamento Remoto, Av Antonio Carlos 6627, BR-31270900 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

[15] Forest Trends, Washington, DC 20036 USA

来源：

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 2020年 / 11卷 / 01期

基金：

澳大利亚研究理事会;

关键词：

BIODIVERSITY OFFSETS; ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; LAND-USE; RESTORATION; SEDIMENT; IMPACTS; OPPORTUNITIES; MITIGATION; CONTEXT;

D O I：

10.1038/s41467-020-15861-1

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

Many nations use ecological compensation policies to address negative impacts of development projects and achieve No Net Loss (NNL) of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, failures are widely reported. We use spatial simulation models to quantify potential net impacts of alternative compensation policies on biodiversity (indicated by native vegetation) and two ecosystem services (carbon storage, sediment retention) across four case studies (in Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Mozambique). No policy achieves NNL of biodiversity in any case study. Two factors limit their potential success: the land available for compensation (existing vegetation to protect or cleared land to restore), and expected counterfactual biodiversity losses (unregulated vegetation clearing). Compensation also fails to slow regional biodiversity declines because policies regulate only a subset of sectors, and expanding policy scope requires more land than is available for compensation activities. Avoidance of impacts remains essential in achieving NNL goals, particularly once opportunities for compensation are exhausted. Countries are adopting ecological compensation policies aimed at achieving no net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here, Sonter and colleagues apply spatial simulation models to case studies in Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, and Mozambique to show that compensation alone is not sufficient to preserve biodiversity.

引用

页数：11

共 46 条

[21]

ICMM & IUCN, 2013, IND REP BIOD OFFS

[22]

International Finance Corporation, 2012, 6 INT FIN CORP WORLD

[23] Investigating the inclusion of ecosystem services in biodiversity offsetting [J].

Jacob, Celine ;

Vaissiere, Anne-Charlotte ;

Bas, Adeline ;

Calvet, Coralie .

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, 2016, 21 :92-102

[24] Restoration and repair of Earth's damaged ecosystems [J].

Jones, Holly P. ;

Jones, Peter C. ;

Barbier, Edward B. ;

Blackburn, Ryan C. ;

Benayas, Jose M. Rey ;

Holl, Karen D. ;

McCrackin, Michelle ;

Meli, Paula ;

Montoya, Daniel ;

Mateos, David Moreno .

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 2018, 285 (1873)

[25] Net Gain: Seeking Better Outcomes for Local People when Mitigating Biodiversity Loss from Development [J].

Jones, Julia Patricia Gordon ;

Bull, Joseph William ;

Roe, Dilys ;

Baker, Julia ;

Griffiths, Victoria Frances ;

Starkey, Malcolm ;

Sonter, Laura Jane ;

Milner-Gulland, E. J. .

ONE EARTH, 2019, 1 (02) :195-201

[26] The anatomy of a failed offset [J].

Lindenmayer, David B. ;

Crane, Mason ;

Evans, Megan C. ;

Maron, Martine ;

Gibbons, Philip ;

Bekessy, Sarah ;

Blanchard, Wade .

BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, 2017, 210 :286-292

[27] Who loses? Tracking ecosystem service redistribution from road development and mitigation in the Peruvian Amazon [J].

Mandle, Lisa ;

Tallis, Heather ;

Sotomayor, Leonardo ;

Vogl, Adrian L. .

FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 2015, 13 (06) :309-315

[28] The many meanings of no net loss in environmental policy [J].

Maron, Martine ;

Brownlie, Susie ;

Bull, Joseph W. ;

Evans, Megan C. ;

von Hase, Amrei ;

Quetier, Fabien ;

Watson, James E. M. ;

Gordon, Ascelin .

NATURE SUSTAINABILITY, 2018, 1 (01) :19-27

[29] Locking in loss: Baselines of decline in Australian biodiversity offset policies [J].

Maron, Martine ;

Bull, Joseph W. ;

Evans, Megan C. ;

Gordon, Ascelin .

BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, 2015, 192 :504-512

[30] Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies [J].

Maron, Martine ;

Hobbs, Richard J. ;

Moilanen, Atte ;

Matthews, Jeffrey W. ;

Christie, Kimberly ;

Gardner, Toby A. ;

Keith, David A. ;

Lindenmayer, David B. ;

McAlpine, Clive A. .

BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, 2012, 155 :141-148

← 1 2 3 4 5 →