All-trans retinoic acid attenuates experimental colitis through inhibition of NF-κB signaling

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by excessive innate immune cell activation, which is responsible for tissue damage and induction of adaptive immune responses. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the ligand of retinoic acid receptors (RAR), has been previously shown to regulate adaptive immune responses and restore Th17/Treg balance, while its role in regulation of innate immune cell function such as macrophages remains to be elucidated. The study was performed to explore the effect of ATRA on regulation of innate immune responses during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced murine colitis. The mice with DSS colitis were administered with vehicle, ATRA, or LE135. Colitis was evaluated by clinical symptoms, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the expressions of CD68 and nuclear factor (NF) kappa B p65, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) level in inflamed colon. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with vehicle, ATRA: or LE135, followed by LPS challenge in vitro. ATRA administration ameliorates DSS-induced colitis evidenced with decreased TNF level and CD68 expression, while LE135 leads to exacerbation of colitis. ATRA treatment in vitro dampens LPS induced NF-kappa B activation and TNF production of RAW 264.7 cells. Together, our data show a crucial role of ATRA in the progress of acute colitis through inhibiting NF-kappa B activation, and suggest that ATRA represents a novel therapeutic approach for the management of IBD. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.