HIV-1 gp120 induces anergy in naive T lymphocytes through CD4-independent protein kinase-A-mediated signaling

The ability of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) env] to induce intracellular signals is thought to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis. In the present study, we found that the exposure of CD4+ CD45RA+ naive T cells to HIVenv results in a long-lasting hyporesponsiveness to antigen stimulation. This phenomenon is not dependent on CD4-mediated signals and also can be generated by the exposure of naive T cell to soluble CD4-HIVenv complexes. The analysis of the proximal signaling reveals that HIVenv does not activate Lck as well as the mitogen-activated protein kinase intermediate cascade. Conversely, the envelope glycoprotein stimulates the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) activity and induces the progressive accumulation of the phosphorylated form of the cAMP-responsive element binding. Of note, the ligation of CXCR4 by stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha but not the engagement of CD4 by monoclonal antibody stimulates the PKA activity and induces a long-lasting hyporesponsivity state in naive CD4+ lymphocytes. The pretreatment of lymphocytes with 1189, a cell-permeable PKA inhibitor, prevents the induction of anergy. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which HIVenv may modulate the processes of clonal expansion, homeostatic proliferation, and terminal differentiation of the naive T lymphocyte subset.