Pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury: metabolomics analysis of the lung and plasma

Introduction Nowadays,the mechanical ventilation (MV) aims to rest the respiratory muscles while providing adequate gas exchange, and it has been a part of basic life support during general anesthesia as well as in critically ill patients with and without respiratory failure. However, MV itself has the potential to cause or worsen lung injury, which is also known as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Thus, the early diagnosis of VILI is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of VILI. Objective This study aimed to investigate the metabolomes in the lung and plasma of mice receiving mechanical ventilation (MV). Methods Healthy mice were randomly assigned into control group; (2) high volume tidal (HV) group (30 ml/kg); (3) low volume tidal (LV) group (6 ml/kg). After ventilation for 4 h, mice were sacrificed and the lung tissue and plasma were collected. The lung and plasma were processed for the metabolomics analysis. We also performed histopathological examination on the lung tissue. Results We detected moderate inflammatory damage with alveolar septal thickening in the HV group compared with the normal and LV groups.The metabolomics analysis results showed MV altered the metabolism which was characterized by the dysregulation of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) system and urea cycle (desregulations in plasma and lung guanidinosuccinic acid, argininosuccinic acid, succinic acid semialdehyde and lung GABA ), Disturbance of citric acid cycle (CAC) (increased plasma glutamine and lung phosphoenol pyruvate) and redox imbalance (desregulations in plasma and/or lung ascorbic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, uric acid, oleic acid, stearidonic acid, palmitoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). Moreover, the lung and plasma metabolomes were also significantly different between LV and HV groups. Conclusions Some lung and plasma metabolites related to the GABA system and urea cycle, citric acid cycle and redox balance were significantly altered, and they may be employed for the evaluation of VILI and serve as targets in the treatment of VILI.