Can liming mitigate N2O fluxes from a urine-amended soil?

Soil pH affects N2O production mechanisms. The ratio of N2O to N-2 may decrease with increasing soil pH during denitrification. Two laboratory experiments were performed to examine the effect of liming on N2O emissions following synthetic urine applications over 42 and 60 days. A silt loam soil at field capacity (water-filled pore space of 57% after treatment application) was adjusted with Ca(OH)(2) to produce soils ranging from pH 4.7 to 7.7. The first experiment employed 4 treatments: a control, KNO3 (500 kg N/ha), and synthetic urine at 500 kg N/ha and 1000 kg N/ha. A second experiment used N-15 labelled urea in synthetic urine at 500 kg N/ha. The main effect of lime was to promote nitrification, which markedly affected N2O fluxes. After 60 days, the 500 kg N/ha synthetic urine treatment limed to pH 6.1 produced more N2O ( 0.82% of N applied) than any other soil pH. No optimum soil pH was found for the synthetic urine treatment at 1000 kg N/ha with nitrification incomplete after 60 days. N2O production via nitrifiers dominated the N2O production pathway with large residual NO3- pools. Denitrification was not enhanced since no 15N labelled N-2 was detected. However, before any final conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of liming as a mitigation tool it is vital that the effect of liming on possible denitrification mechanisms and products also be assessed, following nitrification and formation of a nitrate pool. Application of synthetic urine also initiated a priming effect with more carbon evolved as CO2 than was applied.