A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory

被引：8

作者：

Aab, A. ^{[1
]}

Abreu, P. ^{[2
,3
]}

Aglietta, M. ^{[4
,5
]}

Albuquerque, I. F. M. ^{[6
]}

Albury, J. M. ^{[7
]}

Allekotte, I ^{[8
,9
]}

Almela, A. ^{[10
,11
]}

Alvarez Castillo, J. ^{[12
]}

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ^{[13
]}

Anastasi, G. A. ^{[14
,15
]}

Anchordoqui, L. ^{[16
]}

Andrada, B. ^{[10
]}

Andringa, S. ^{[2
,3
]}

Aramo, C. ^{[17
]}

Asorey, H. ^{[8
,9
,18
]}

Assis, P. ^{[2
,3
]}

Avila, G. ^{[19
,20
]}

Badescu, A. M. ^{[21
]}

Bakalova, A. ^{[22
]}

Balaceanu, A. ^{[23
]}

Barbato, F. ^{[17
,24
]}

Barreira Luz, R. J. ^{[2
,3
]}

Baur, S. ^{[25
]}

Becker, K. H. ^{[26
]}

Bellido, J. A. ^{[7
]}

Berat, C. ^{[27
]}

Bertaina, M. E. ^{[5
,28
]}

Bertou, X. ^{[8
,9
]}

Biermann, P. L. ^{[29
]}

Biteau, J. ^{[30
]}

Blaess, S. G. ^{[7
]}

Blanco, A. ^{[2
,3
]}

Blazek, J. ^{[22
]}

Bleve, C. ^{[31
,32
]}

Bohacova, M. ^{[22
]}

Boncioli, D. ^{[14
,15
]}

Bonifazi, C. ^{[33
]}

Borodai, N. ^{[34
]}

Botti, A. M. ^{[10
]}

Brack, J. ^{[35
]}

Bretz, T. ^{[36
]}

Bridgeman, A. ^{[37
]}

Briechle, F. L. ^{[36
]}

Buchholz, P. ^{[38
]}

Bueno, A. ^{[39
,40
]}

Buitink, S. ^{[41
]}

Buscemi, M. ^{[42
,43
]}

Caballero-Mora, K. S. ^{[44
]}

Caccianiga, L. ^{[45
]}

Calcagni, L. ^{[46
,47
]}

机构：

[1] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Nijmegen, Netherlands

[2] Univ Lisboa UL, Lab Instrumentacao & Fis Expt Particulas LIP, Lisbon, Portugal

[3] Univ Lisboa UL, Inst Super Tecn IST, Lisbon, Portugal

[4] Osservatorio Astrofis Torino INAF, Turin, Italy

[5] INFN, Sez Torino, Turin, Italy

[6] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

[7] Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

[8] Ctr Atom Bariloche, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[9] Inst Balseiro CNEA UNCuyo CONICET, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[10] UNSAM, Inst Tecnol Detecc & Astroparticulas CNEA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[11] Univ Tecnol Nacl, Fac Reg Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[12] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City, DF, Mexico

[13] Univ Santiago de Compostela, Inst Galego Fis Altas Enerxias IGFAE, Santiago De Compostela, Spain

[14] Gran Sasso Sci Inst, Laquila, Italy

[15] INFN, Lab Nazl Gran Sasso, Laquila, Italy

[16] CUNY, Dept Phys & Astron, Lehman Coll, Bronx, NY USA

[17] INFN, Sez Napoli, Naples, Italy

[18] Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

[19] Observ Pierre Auger, Malargue, Argentina

[20] Comis Nacl Engia Atom, Malargue, Argentina

[21] Univ Politehn Bucuresti, Bucharest, Romania

[22] Czech Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[23] Horia Hulubei Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn, Bucharest, Romania

[24] Univ Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento Fis Ettore Pancini, Naples, Italy

[25] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Kernphys, Karlsruhe, Germany

[26] Berg Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, Wuppertal, Germany

[27] Univ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Inst Engn, CNRS, LPSC IN2P3, Grenoble, France

[28] Univ Torino, Dipartimento Fis, Turin, Italy

[29] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Bonn, Germany

[30] Univ Paris Sud, Univ Paris Saclay, Inst Phys Nucl Orsay IPNO, CNRS IN2P3, Orsay, France

[31] Univ Salento, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis E De Giorgi, Lecce, Italy

[32] INFN, Sez Lecce, Lecce, Italy

[33] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

[34] Inst Nucl Phys PAN, Krakow, Poland

[35] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA

[36] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst A 3, Aachen, Germany

[37] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Expt Particle Phys ETP, Karlsruhe, Germany

[38] Univ Siegen, Fachbereich Phys Expt Teilchenphys 7, Siegen, Germany

[39] Univ Granada, Granada, Spain

[40] CAFPE, Granada, Spain

[41] Vrije Univ Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

[42] Univ Catania, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, Catania, Italy

[43] INFN, Sez Catania, Catania, Italy

[44] Univ Autonoma Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico

[45] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Milan, Italy

[46] Univ Nacl La Plata, IFLP, La Plata, Argentina

[47] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, La Plata, Argentina

[48] Natl Inst Kernfys Hoge Energie Fys NIKHEF, Sci Pk, Amsterdam, Netherlands

[49] Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Engn Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil

[50] Univ Estadual Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil

来源：

EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE | 2020年 / 7卷 / 04期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会; 澳大利亚研究理事会; 巴西圣保罗研究基金会;

关键词：

TRANSIENT LUMINOUS EVENTS; ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES; LOWER IONOSPHERE; IONIZATION; DETECTOR; FLASHES;

D O I：

10.1029/2019EA000582

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100 ns) using the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory. The Auger Observatory is located in the Mendoza province of Argentina with a viewing footprint for elve observations of 3106km 2, reaching areas above the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Cordoba region, which is known for severe convective thunderstorms. Primarily designed for ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray observations, the Auger FD turns out to be very sensitive to the ultraviolet emission in elves. The detector features modified Schmidt optics with large apertures resulting in a field of view that spans the horizon, and year-round operation on dark nights with low moonlight background, when the local weather is favorable. The measured light profiles of 18% of the elve events have more than one peak, compatible with intracloud activity. Within the 3-year sample, 72% of the elves correlate with the far-field radiation measurements of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The Auger Observatory plans to continue operations until at least 2025, including elve observations and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this observatory is the only facility on Earth that measures elves with year-round operation and full horizon coverage.

引用

页数：17

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