X-ray absorption fine structure combined with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.: Part 15.: Monitoring of vanadium site transformations on Titania and in mesoporous titania by selective detection of the vanadium Kα1 fluorescence

X-ray absorption fine structure combined with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was applied to various V+TiO2 hybrid samples. Emitted V K alpha(1) fluorescence from the sample was selectively counted by using a high-energy-resolution (0.4 eV) spectrometer equipped with a Ge(331) crystal. Two advantages of this method, extremely high signal/background ratio and the compatibility of measurements in the atmosphere of reaction gas (in situ study in relation to heterogeneous catalysis), were effective at the V K-edge. Structure transformation of the V sites was spectroscopically followed for the V/TiO2 catalyst. The monooxo tetrahedral vanadate site was demonstrated to exist at 473 K. It transformed into dispersed species of 5-fold coordination in ambient air and further into polymeric VOx species in 0.85 kPa of water at 290 K. In the presence of 3.2 kPa of 2-propanol, dissociative adsorption of 2-propanol on the dispersed V species was strongly suggested at 290-473 K. In situ structure changes of V sites on TiO2 were reported by means of XAFS for the first time. The V-v sites for the V/TiO2 catalysts were essentially identical with those for V supported on mesoporous (high-surface-area) TiO2 and V-TiO2 sample prepared by the sol-gel method. However, predominant V-IV sites were found for mesoporous V-TiO2. The V-IV sites substituted on the Ti sites of TiO2. When the molar ratio of V/Ti increased from 1/100 to 1/5.0, major octahedral V sites in the TiO2 matrix looked to transform into tetrahedral ones.