Influence of Lexical Factors on Word-Finding Accuracy, Error Patterns, and Substitution Types

This retrospective, exploratory investigation examined the types of target words that 66 children with/without word-finding difficulties (WFD) had difficulty naming, and the types of errors they made. Words were studied with reference to lexical factors (LFs) that might influence naming performance: word frequency, familiarity, length, phonotactic probability, and lexical neighborhood. For the most part, LFs similarly affected the word finding of children with/without WFD. Target word frequency predicted word-finding success for both groups, and word substitutions and error patterns were affected by the LFs under study. Children tended to produce substitutions that were shorter and higher in frequency, neighborhood frequency, and phonotactic probability than the target word. LFs also influenced children's error patterns. Low word frequency led to form-related blocked errors for both groups, and low neighborhood frequency predicted form- and segment-related phonologic errors for children with WFD only. Theoretical and practical implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.