Is there adaptive value to reproductive termination in Japanese macaques? A test of maternal investment hypotheses

Evolutionary biologists often argue that menopause evolved in the human female as the result of selection for a postreproductive phase of life, during which increased maternal in vestment in existing progeny could lean to enhanced survivorship of descendents. Adaptive theories relating menopause to enhanced maternal investment are known as the mother (first-generation) ann grandmother (second-generation-offspring) hypotheses. Although menopanse-universal midlife termination of reproduction-has not been documented in primates other than humans some researchers have argued that postreproductive alloprimates also have a positive impact on the survivorship of first and second generation progeny. We tested the maternal investment hypotheses in Japanese macaques by comparing the survivorship of offspring, final infants, and great-offspring of females that terminated reproduction before death with females that continued to reproduce until death. SURVIVAL analyses revealed no significant difference in the survivorship of descendents of postreproductive and reproductive females, though final infants of postreproductive females were 13% more likely to survive than final infants of females that reproduced until death were. We also explored possible differences between these two groups of females, other than survivorship of progeny. We found no difference in dominance rank matrilineal affiliation, body weight, infant sex ratio, age at first birth, fecundity rate or lifetime reproductive success. However, postreproductive females are significantly longer-lived than reproductive females and as a result experienced more years of reproduction and produced more infants in total. Apart from final infants, offspring survival is marginally lower in postreproductive females. Since offspring survival is nor significantly enhanced in postreproductive females, the greater number of infants produced did nor translate into greater lifetime reproductive success. Our findings fail to support the maternal investment hypotheses and instead suggest that reproductive termination in this population of Japanese macaques is most closely associated with enhanced longevity and its repercussions.