The pubertal stress recalibration hypothesis: Potential neural and behavioral consequences

Recent research has suggested that the pubertal period provides an opportunity for recalibrating the stress-responsive systems in youth whose responses to stress have been altered by early adversity. Such recalibration may have cascading effects that affect brain and behavioral development. In this article, we consider a large, cross-species literature to demonstrate the potential importance of pubertal stress recalibration for understanding the development of psychopathology following early deprivation by caregivers. We review the evidence for recalibration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans, examine research on rodents that has established mechanisms through which stress hormones affect brain structure and function, and summarize the literature on human neuroimaging to assess how these mechanisms may translate into changes in human behavior. Finally, we suggest ideas for elucidating the consequences of pubertal stress recalibration that will improve our understanding of adaptive and maladaptive adolescent behavior following early adversity.