Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis with different cerebral involvements: infarct, hemorrhage, and ophthalmoplegia

Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis is a rare but often fatal opportunistic necrotizing infection of the sinuses, orbit, and brain caused by saprophytic fungi. It usually develops in patients with diabetes or immune system deficiency. In this study, imaging features in 3 patients with rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis who presented with various symptoms and different cerebral involvements are discussed. Headache, blurred vision, fever, painful ophthalmoplegia, and cranial nerve involvement were among the clinical findings. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the best imaging methods for assessing the extent of this disease. Relatively typical but nonspecific characteristics are bone destruction, vascular invasion, and central hypointensity in the paranasal sinuses or an intracranial mass that is revealed by T-2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging findings include cavernous sinus involvement, cerebral infarct, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Because of the invasive and fulminant nature of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis, successful treatment seems to be based on early diagnosis and on the management of underlying immunologic problems.