Evaluation of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Colonization at Gaziantep Children's Hospital, Turkey

Enterococci are members of normal flora of human gastrointestinal system, and occupy the first places among the agents causing nosocomial infection. The most frequent origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) is the gastrointestinal colonization in hospitalized patients. Prolonged hospitalization, long-term antibiotic use and severe underlying diseases increase the risk of VRE colonization. Routine VRE surveillance of high-risk group patients is crucial for early detection and implementation of precautions to impede the development of infection and spread of VRE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of VRE colonization in Oncology Department of Gaziantep Children's Hospital, Turkey, following a VRE isolation from the urine sample of a patient (index case). In the first phase of this point prevalence study VRE screening was done after positive VRE result was obtained from the index case, and in the second phase VRE colonization rate was investigated after the implementation of infection control policies. Perirectal swab samples collected from patients were cultivated into supplemented VRE agar base (Oxoid, UK) including vancomycin 6 mu g/ml and 5% sheep blood agar. The isolates were identified by conventional methods together with API 20 Strep (bioMerieux, France) and VITEK2 (bioMerieux, France) identification systems. Vancomycin (30 mu g) and teicoplanin (30 mu g) susceptibilities of the isolates were investigated by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI criteria. In addition, VITEK2 antibiogram cards, AST-592 were used to determine antibiotic susceptibilities. In the first phase of the surveillance a total of 123 perirectal swab specimens obtained from patients staying at oncology, burn, pediatric surgery and intensive care units (ICU) were investigated and the rate of VRE colonization was determined as 14.6% (18/123). Thirteen of the VRE colonized patients were from oncology wards and five were from ICU. Upon the detection of VRE colonization, contact isolation was implemented and hospital staff was educated for hand washing and restricted antibotic use policies were established. To evaluate the efficacy of infection control implementations, perirectal swab samples were collected from 242 patients under antibiotic treatment and hospitalized in several wards and ICU for >= 3 days. The results of this second control surveillance revealed that VRE colonization rate declined to 3.3% (8/242), and three of these VRE colonized patients were in the ICU, three in the oncology ward and one of each in burn and pediatry wards. During the study period blood stream infection developed in three of the previously colonized oncology patients of whom one patient also had simultaneous pneumoniae due to VRE. The results of this study indicated the importance of VRE surveillance at the hospital setting. The determination of the VRE colonization in the hospital will help the implementation of appropriate infection control measures and eventually decrease the rate of nosocomial VRE infection.