Proinflammatory cytokines levels in patients with temporomandibular joint disorder undergoing arthroscopy

Purpose Biomarkers represent objective indicators of normal processes, pathology, or responses to therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to investigate whether there is a correlation between elevated levels and disease progression. Materials and methods This is a prospective study that included patients who were diagnosed with internal derangement according to magnetic resonance imaging and were classified according to Wilkes's classifications. After failing to improve with conservative treatment, they were referred for TMJ arthroscopy. During arthroscopy, synovial fluid was collected for biomarker analyses that included the investigation of levels of proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The Mann-Whitney U test was used for differences between subgroups for TNF-alpha, IL-6, and VEGF. Results During the study period, 22 patients presented with a TMJ disorder and met the criteria of the study. There was a statistically significant correlation between the levels of VEGF, TNF-a, and osteoarthritis (P < 0.05). There was also a statistically significant correlation between TNF-a levels and a higher degree of chondromalacia (P = 0.019). Conclusion An increase in inflammatory cytokines coupled with chondromalacia propose a more aggressive degenerative disease.