We review the etiology, investigations, management and outcomes of pituitary tumor apoplexy. Pituitary tumor apoplexy is a clinical syndrome which typically includes the acute onset of headache and/or visual disturbance, cranial nerve palsy and partial or complete endocrine dysfunction. It is associated with either infarction or hemorrhage of a pre-existing pituitary adenoma and is associated with significant morbidity and potential fatality. Not all patients will present with classic signs and symptoms, therefore it is pertinent to appreciate the clinical spectrum in which this condition can present. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机构:
Emory Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
Emory Univ, Dept Neurol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USAEmory Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
Biousse, Valerie
Bruce, Beau B.
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Emory Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
Emory Univ, Dept Neurol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USAEmory Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
机构:
Osped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Univ Milan, Dept Pathophysiol & Organ Transplantat, Milan, ItalyOsped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Giammattei, L.
Mantovani, G.
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机构:
Osped Maggiore Policlin, Unit Endocrinol, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Univ Milan, Dept Clin Sci & Community Hlth, Milan, ItalyOsped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Mantovani, G.
Carrabba, G.
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Osped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, ItalyOsped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Carrabba, G.
Ferrero, S.
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机构:
Osped Maggiore Policlin, Unit Pathol, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Univ Milan, Dept Biomed Surg & Dent Sci, Milan, ItalyOsped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Ferrero, S.
Di Cristofori, A.
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机构:
Osped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Univ Milan, Dept Pathophysiol & Organ Transplantat, Milan, ItalyOsped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Di Cristofori, A.
Verrua, E.
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Osped Maggiore Policlin, Unit Endocrinol, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Univ Milan, Dept Clin Sci & Community Hlth, Milan, ItalyOsped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Verrua, E.
Guastella, C.
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机构:
Osped Maggiore Policlin, Unit Otolaringol, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
Univ Milan, Dept Clin Sci & Community Hlth, Milan, ItalyOsped Maggiore Policlin, Neurosurg Unit, Fdn IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
机构:
Indiana Univ, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Indianapolis, IN 46220 USA
Mayo Clin Minnesota, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Rochester, MN 55905 USAIndiana Univ, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Indianapolis, IN 46220 USA
Donegan, Diane
Erickson, Dana
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Mayo Clin Minnesota, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Rochester, MN 55905 USAIndiana Univ, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Indianapolis, IN 46220 USA
机构:
Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USAThomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
Siu, Alan
Rangarajan, Sanjeet
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机构:
Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Otolaryngol, 1721 Pine St, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USAThomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
Rangarajan, Sanjeet
Karsy, Michael
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Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USAThomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
Karsy, Michael
Farrell, Christopher J.
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机构:
Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USAThomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
Farrell, Christopher J.
Nyquist, Gurston
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机构:
Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Otolaryngol, 1721 Pine St, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USAThomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
Nyquist, Gurston
Rosen, Marc
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机构:
Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Otolaryngol, 1721 Pine St, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USAThomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
Rosen, Marc
Evans, James J.
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机构:
Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Otolaryngol, 1721 Pine St, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USAThomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
机构:
Norton Neurosci Inst, Louisville, KY 40202 USAOff Associate Chief Med Examiner, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA
Shields, Lisa B. E.
Balko, M. Gregory
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机构:
Med Legal Consultants, Ft Wright, KY 41011 USAOff Associate Chief Med Examiner, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA
Balko, M. Gregory
Hunsaker, John C., III
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机构:
Off Associate Chief Med Examiner, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA
Univ Kentucky, Coll Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Lexington, KY USAOff Associate Chief Med Examiner, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA