Linking macroeconomy and the energy supply sector: Taxes and subsidies

被引:0
作者
Jacobsen, HK
机构
来源
ENERGY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: IS SUSTAINABLE GROWTH POSSIBLE?, VOLS 1-3 | 1997年
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暂无
中图分类号
TE [石油、天然气工业]; TK [能源与动力工程];
学科分类号
0807 ; 0820 ;
摘要
This paper analyses taxes and subsidies as an instrument to ensure a reduction of emissions from electricity and heat production. A model of the energy supply sector of Denmark developed at Rise National Laboratory is used to analyse the possibilities of reducing CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production through fuel tax and subsidy incentives. The energy supply model is linked to a macroeconomic model such that macroeconomic consequences of tax policies can be analysed along with consequences for specific sectors as agriculture. All major electricity production units in the Danish system are included in the model with a technical description of production parameters including fuel substitution possibilities. Electricity and heat are produced at heating and power plants and utilising fuels which minimise total fuel cost, while capacity expansion technologies are regulated by the authorities. Direct regulation and regulation through economic incentives are dependent on each other. The effect of restricting the expansion of production capacity to a specific fuel technology is very dependent on the extent to which electricity producers are free to choose between fuels and the different production plants. Introduction of new plants characterised by a fuel mix with heavy fuel costs could lead to use of the plant only for supplying peak demand thereby leading to a much smaller reduction in emissions than anticipated. Contrary to this the effect of fuel taxes and subsidies on fuels is very sensitive to the fuel substitution possibilities of the plants in the production system and consequently the extent to which expansion technologies have been regulated. Taxes are imposed relative to the CO2 content of fuels, and tax revenues are redistributed towards use of fuels with low CO2 content. It is shown how relatively small taxes and subsidies can produce significant shifts in the fuel input mix, when the expansion of production capacity is regulated to ensure a flexible fuel mix. Policies to ensure a more intensive use of such relatively expensive renewable energy sources as biomass could be implemented with only small taxes and subsidies. Subsidies could encourage the use of renewable energy sources as biomass for electricity production and contribute to a sustainable development in the use of fuels. Subsidies for biomass use could eventually lead to an increasing and more efficient production of biomass.
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页码:237 / 246
页数:10
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