Composition and Activity of N2-Fixing Microorganisms in Mangrove Forest Soils

Mangrove forests are considered to be a highly productive ecosystem, but they are also generally nitrogen (N)-limited. Thus, soil N-2 fixation can be important for the stability of both mangrove ecosystem functions and upland N supply. This study evaluates the N-2 fixation activity and composition of relevant microorganisms in two coastal mangrove forests-the Guandu mangrove in an upstream estuary and the Bali mangrove in a downstream estuary-using the acetylene reduction method, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and next-generation sequencing. The results demonstrated that ambient nitrogenase activity was higher in downstream mangrove forests (13.2-15.6 nmol h(-1) g(-1) soil) than in upstream mangrove forests (0.2-1.4 nmol h(-1) g(-1) soil). However, both the maximum potential nitrogenase activity and nitrogenase gene (nifH gene) copy number were found to be higher in the upstream than in the downstream mangrove forests, implying that the nitrogenase activity and diazotrophic abundance may not necessarily be positively correlated. In addition, amended MoO4 (which inhibits the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in N-2-fixation) yielded low nitrogenase activity, and sulfate-reducing bacteria made up 20-50% of the relative diazotrophic abundance in the mangrove forests, indicating that these bacteria might be the major active diazotrophs in this environment.