Environmental occurrence, analysis and human exposure to the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A)-A review

被引:97
作者
Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Univ Birmingham, Div Environm Hlth & Risk Management, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England
[2] Assiut Univ, Dept Analyt Chem, Fac Pharm, Assiut 71526, Egypt
关键词
TBBP-A; Human exposure; Environmental occurrence; Analytical methods; Regulatory aspects; TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; IN-HOUSE DUST; ENANTIOMER-SPECIFIC DISTRIBUTION; LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION; E-WASTE SITE; BISPHENOL-A; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; SOUTH CHINA;
D O I
10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.026
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
TBBP-A is a high production volume chemical applied widely as a flame retardant in printed circuit boards. Recent studies have raised concern over potential harmful implications of TBBP-A exposure in human and wildlife, leading to its classification under group 2A "Probably carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This article provides a comprehensive review of the available literature on TBBP-A analysis, environmental levels and human exposure. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been identified as the method of choice for robust, accurate and sensitive analysis of TBBP-A in different matrices. TBBP-A has been detected in almost all environmental compartments all over the world, rendering it a ubiquitous contaminant. Human exposure studies revealed dust ingestion and diet as the major pathways of TBBP-A exposure in the general population. Toddlers are likely to be more exposed than adults via accidental indoor dust ingestion. Moreover, exposure to TBBP-A may occur prenatally and via breast milk. There are no current restrictions on the production of TBBP-A in the EU or worldwide. However, more research is required to characterise human exposure to TBBP-A in and around production facilities, as well as in e-waste recycling regions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:235 / 250
页数:16
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