Cheek soft tissue prediction in cleft orthognathic surgery: A 3D computer-assisted investigation with comparative analysis

Background: The Le Fort I maxillary advancement and rotational movement have been adopted to treat patients with cleft-related skeletal Class III pattern and anteromedial cheek soft tissue deficiency, but cleft-specific cheek soft tissue prediction data are insufficient. This 3D imaging-based study addressed the issue. Methods: 3D craniofacial soft tissue and bone models were created from 32 consecutive patients who received computer-aided two-jaw orthognathic surgery for the correction of cleft-related Class III deformity and cheek soft tissue deficiency. Using superimposed 3D models, the cheek volumetric change, the cheek sagittal movement, and the 3D cheek mass position were calculated. 3D data from orthognathic surgery-treated patients with no cleft (noncleft cohort) and individuals with no facial deformity (3D norm value) were retrieved for comparative analysis. Results: Surgical maxillary advancement (p < 0.001) but not maxillary clockwise rotation (p > 0.05) had a significant impact on the cheek soft tissue change, with prediction models showing that maxillary advancement elucidated 77 and 79% of this change on the cleft and noncleft sides, respectively. Cleft cohort (0.46 +/- 0.12) had a significantly (p < 0.001) smaller cheek soft-to-hard tissue ratio than that of the noncleft cohort (0.73 +/- 0.13). Cleft maxillary advancements >4 mm resulted in a 3D cheek mass position (2.1 +/- 1.1 mm) similar (p > 0.05) to the 3D norm value (2.2 +/- 1.2 mm), but different (p = 0.037) from the noncleft cohort (2.38 +/- 0.7 mm). Conclusion: This study showed that maxillary advancement but not the maxillary rotation affects the cheek soft tissue change, and the predictive values and comparative data could assist the orthodontist-surgeon interaction during preoperative planning and patient counseling. (C) 2021 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.