Assessment of shallow groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking purpose near the Beni-Mellal wastewater treatment lagoon (Morocco)

The present study aimed to evaluate the suitability for drinking purpose of shallow groundwater near the Beni-Mellal wastewater treatment lagoon based on various physicochemical, heavy metals, and bacteriological parameter analyses. The physicochemical results revealed that some of the samples do not comply with the Moroccan and/or WHO standards for drinking water. Parameters including turbidity, TH, Na+, Li+, Ba2+, Ca2+ (similar to 47.1% of samples), Cd (similar to 52.9% of samples), Fe (similar to 82.4% of samples), Pb (similar to 58.8% of samples), T. coliforms, and E. coli exceeded the drinking limits. The statistical analyses revealed that the shallow groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by geogenic and anthropogenic sources. For quality assessment, using the Moroccan groundwater assessment grid, the values of EC and Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, oxidability, and E. coli, fixed as pollution indicators, showed that most of the wells showed medium-to-poor quality, 14% of them have a very poor water quality, and 20% of them belong to the bad water quality. According to geometric and arithmetic DWQI values, the groundwater quality was frequently fair to good, needing treatment or at least disinfection before public consumption. A sensitivity analysis results indicated that Fe, Cd, Cr, Pb, and E. coli have an important impact on the DWQI computing.