Soil bacterial community response to sulfadiazine in the soil-root zone

Sulfonamide antibiotics reach soil via manure and adversely affect microbial diversity. Cleareffects of these bacteriostatic, growth-inhibiting antibiotics occur in the presence of a parallel input of microbial activity stimulating manure. Natural hot spots with already increased soil microbial activity are located in the rhizosphere, comprising microorganism such as Pseudomonas with plant growth promoting and pathogenic strains. The hypothesis was therefore that the antibiotic activity of sulfonamides is promoted in the rhizosphere even in the absence of manure, followed by shifts of the natural plant-specific microbial community structure. This was evaluated by a laboratory experiment with Salix fragilis L. and ZeamaysL. After 40 d of incubation, sub-areas such as non-rhizosphere soil, rhizosphere soil and plant roots were sampled. Effects on microbial community structure were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene fragment patterns of total bacteria community and Pseudomonas. Selected exoenzymes of N-, P-, and C-cycling were used to test effects on microbial functions. Compared to the factors soil sub-area and sulfadiazine (SDZ) content, plant species had the largest influence on the bacterial community structure and soil exoenzyme activity pattern. This was also reflected by an up to 1.5-fold higher acid phosphatase activity in samples from maize- compared to willow-planted soil. We conclude that antibiotic effects on the bacterial community structures are influenced by the antibiotic concentration and root influence.