Developing a needle guidance virtual environment with patient-specific data and force feedback

We present a simulator for guided needle puncture procedures. Our aim is to provide an effective training tool for students in interventional radiology (IR) using actual patient data and force feedback within an immersive virtual environment (VE). Training of the visual and motor skills required in IR is an apprenticeship which still consists of close supervision using the model: (i) see one, (ii) do one, and (iii) teach one. Training in patients not only has discomfort associated with it, but provides limited access to training scenarios, and makes it difficult to train in a time efficient manner. Currently, the majority of commercial products implementing a medical VE still focus on laparoscopy where eye-hand coordination and sensation are key issues. IR procedures, however, are far more reliant on the sense of touch. Needle guidance using ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) images is also widely used. Both of these are areas that have not been fully addressed by other medical VEs. This paper provides details of how we are developing an effective needle guidance simulator. The project is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving practising interventional radiologists and computer scientists. (c) 2005 CARS & Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.