Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

被引:30
|
作者
Diaz-Dinamarca, Diego A. [1 ,2 ]
Salazar, Michelle L. [1 ]
Castillo, Byron N. [1 ]
Manubens, Augusto [1 ,3 ]
Vasquez, Abel E. [2 ,4 ]
Salazar, Fabian [1 ,5 ]
Becker, Maria Ines [1 ,3 ]
机构
[1] Fdn Ciencia & Tecnol El Desarrollo FUCITED, Santiago 7750000, Chile
[2] Inst Salud Publ Chile, Dept Agencia Nacl Disposit Med Innovac & Desarrol, Secc Biotecnol, Santiago 7750000, Chile
[3] Biosonda Corp, Santiago 7750000, Chile
[4] Univ San Sebastian, Fac Ciencias El Cuidado Salud, Santiago 8320000, Chile
[5] Univ Exeter, Ctr Med Mycol, MRC, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, England
关键词
proteins; adjuvants; vaccines; protein-based adjuvants; Toll-like receptors; C-type lectin receptors; innate immune response; adaptive immune response; KEYHOLE-LIMPET HEMOCYANIN; SURFACE IMMUNOGENIC PROTEIN; ACTIVATES DENDRITIC CELLS; HEAT-LABILE ENTEROTOXIN; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR-2; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEIN; ANTI-NICOTINE VACCINE; GROUP-B-STREPTOCOCCUS; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI;
D O I
10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671
中图分类号
R9 [药学];
学科分类号
1007 ;
摘要
New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- and T-cell-mediated immune responses to administered antigens, providing advantages over many currently adopted adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, PBAs are natural biocompatible and biodegradable substances that induce minimal reactogenicity and toxicity and interact with innate immune receptors, enhancing their endocytosis and modulating subsequent adaptive immune responses. We propose that PBAs can contribute to the development of vaccines against complex pathogens, including intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, those with complex life cycles such as Plasmodium falciparum, those that induce host immune dysfunction such as HIV, those that target immunocompromised individuals such as fungi, those with a latent disease phase such as Herpes, those that are antigenically variable such as SARS-CoV-2 and those that undergo continuous evolution, to reduce the likelihood of outbreaks.
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页数:38
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