Deep in a Paleolithic archive: Integrated geophysical investigations and laser-scanner reconstruction at Fumane Cave, Italy

In this paper we used an integrated geomatics and geophysical investigation to gain insight about the Upper Pleistocene Cave deposit of Grotta di Fumane, located near to Verona city, Italy. Geophysical techniques are seldom considered for investigation of Paleolithic sites, mostly because as is typical in such a context, the physical properties of archaeological remains do not possess a clear contrast, with respect to the background and because of their tiny size, are difficult to detect As such, the main goals of this combined survey is to reconstruct the volume of the Paleolithic deposit, in terms of visible geometry, sediments distribution and thickness, and map the morphology of the inaccessible karst bedrock that still await to be excavated. These are achieved by using laser scanning and photogrammetry techniques, to create a three-dimensional digital model of the visible portion and using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to map the resistivity distribution in the subsurface. Additionally, single station passive seismic measurements were used to provide an indirect confirmation of the sediments thickness by inverting experimental spectral ratio of microtremors. Geophysical results delivered valuable quantitative information about sediments texture spatial distribution highlighting areas of major archaeological interest. Such information guided the 2014-2017 excavations and continuo providing support for long-term planning of future interventions. Finally, the integrated methodology used in this specific context will lead the way for the use of latest technologies to setup a new prospective for enhanced online visualization and virtual reality for the benefits of both cultural and scientific outreach.