The dependence of ephemeral region emergence on local flux imbalance

We investigate the distribution and evolution of existing and emerging magnetic network elements in the quiet-Sun photosphere. The ephemeral region emergence rate is found to depend primarily on the imbalance of magnetic flux in the area surrounding its emergence location, such that the rate of flux emergence is lower within strongly unipolar regions by at least a factor of 3 relative to flux-balanced quiet Sun. As coronal holes occur over unipolar regions, this also means that ephemeral regions occur less frequently there, but we show that this is an indirect effect-independent of whether the region is located within an open-field coronal hole or a closed-field quiet region. We discuss the implications of this finding for near-photospheric dynamo action and for the coupling between closed coronal and open heliospheric fields.