Behavior of QQ-Plots and Genomic Control in Studies of Gene-Environment Interaction

被引：86
作者：
Voorman, Arend [1 ]
Lumley, Thomas [1 ]
McKnight, Barbara [1 ]
Rice, Kenneth [1 ]
机构：
[1] Univ Washington, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
来源：
PLOS ONE | 2011年 / 6卷 / 05期
关键词：
D O I：
10.1371/journal.pone.0019416
中图分类号：
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号：
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要：
Genome-wide association studies of gene-environment interaction (GxE GWAS) are becoming popular. As with main effects GWAS, quantile-quantile plots (QQ-plots) and Genomic Control are being used to assess and correct for population substructure. However, in G x E work these approaches can be seriously misleading, as we illustrate; QQ-plots may give strong indications of substructure when absolutely none is present. Using simulation and theory, we show how and why spurious QQ-plot inflation occurs in G x E GWAS, and how this differs from main-effects analyses. We also explain how simple adjustments to standard regression-based methods used in G x E GWAS can alleviate this problem.
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