Dockless Bike-Sharing Rebalancing Problem with Simultaneous Faulty Bike Recycling

Bike-sharing systems are widely accepted as an efficient, healthy, and green individual travel mode and have been extensively validated by a great number of studies. Along with high flexible mobility, less usage of fuel, congestion, and emission reduction, the specific sharing features enable travelers to pick up and drop off a rented bicycle as they expect without going to the docking station. However, the imbalance problem against user demand and widespread faulty bikes at various stations not only results in a negative impact on the quality of service but also causes user safety issues. This study gives particular attention to formulating and rebalancing dockless bike-sharing with revamping the faulty bikes and recycling problem. The mechanism is based on minimizing the total routing cost by optimizing the problem, supported by time and capacity constraints. Using CPLEX solver, the validity of the model is tested through random dataset containing three depots, 50 nodes, and three routing vehicles.