Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in air and seawater of the Atlantic Ocean: Sources, trends and processes

被引:108
作者
Gioia, Rosalinda [1 ,2 ]
Nizzetto, Luca [3 ]
Lohmann, Rainer [4 ]
Dachs, Jordi [5 ]
Temme, Christian [6 ]
Jones, Kevin C. [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Univ Lancaster, Ctr Chem Management, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England
[2] Univ Lancaster, Dept Environm Sci, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England
[3] Univ Insubria, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Como, Italy
[4] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA
[5] CSIC, IIQAB, Dept Environm Chem, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain
[6] GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Dept Environm Chem, Inst Coastal Res, D-21052 Geesthacht, Germany
关键词
D O I
10.1021/es071432d
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Air and seawater samples were collected on board the RV Polarstern during a cruise from Bremerhaven, Germany to Cape Town, South Africa from October-November 2005. Broad latitudinal trends were observed with the lowest Sigma 27PCB air concentration (similar to 10 pg m(-3)) in the South Atlantic and the highest (similar to 1000 pg m(-3)) off the west coast of Africa. Sigma(ICES)PCBs ranged from 3.7 to 220 pg m(-3) in air samples and from 0.071 to 1.7 pg L-1 in the dissolved phase seawater samples. Comparison with other data from cruises in the Atlantic Ocean since 1990 indicate little change in air concentrations over the remote open ocean. The relationship of gas-phase partial pressure with temperature was examined using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation; significant temperature dependencies were found for all PCBs over the South Atlantic, indicative of close air-water coupling. There was no temperature dependence for atmospheric PCBs over the North Atlantic,where concentrations were controlled by advection of contaminated air masses. Due to large uncertainties in the Henry's Law Constant (HLC), fugacity fractions and air-water exchange fluxes were estimated using different HLCs reported in the literature. These suggest that conditions are close to air-water equilibrium for most of the ocean, but net deposition is dominating over volatilization in parts of the transect. Generally, the tri- and tetra chlorinated homologues dominated the total flux (>70%). Total PCB fluxes (28, 52, 118, 138, and 153) ranged from -7 to 0.02 ng m(-2) day(-1).
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页码:1416 / 1422
页数:7
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