Intra-Articular Tranexamic Acid Injection During the Hip Hemi-Arthroplasty in Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: The objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intra-articular injection of tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients between 80 and 100 years of age with femoral neck fracture undergoing hip hemi-arthroplasty (HA). Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review to assess perioperative blood loss and transfusion rate after intra-articular injection of TXA during HA. This was a single-center, retrospective, single-surgeon, and standard care cohort study covering the period between January and December 2016. One hundred three consecutive patients undergoing HA under spinal or general anesthesia were included. Fifty-four and 49 patients received and did not receive intra-articular injection of TXA during the HA, respectively. After closing the capsule, 50 mL of a TXA solution at a concentration of 1 g/100 mL of saline was injected into joint capsule. We compared the following outcomes: preoperative hemoglobin (HB) level, postoperative day 1 HB level, postoperative day 3 HB level, the net reduction of HB level by postoperative day 3, transfusion rate, and 30- and 90-day postoperative mortality rates. In addition, we use logistic regression to analyze the factors affecting the transfusion rate. Result: Day 3 postoperative HB level and the net reduction in HB level within 3 days following surgery were 93.22 11.70 g/L and 25.98 6.29 g/L in TXA group, respectively, while were 87.10 +/- 10.52 g/L and 35.44 +/- 8.61 g/L in no-TXA group. Transfusion rate was 9% (5/54) in TXA group and 24% (12/49) in no-TXA group, respectively. The differences were statistically significant between the both groups. Logistic regression indicated that the topical administration of TXA would reduce the risk for transfusion, while in male diabetes mellitus would increase the risk. There were no significant differences in the deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and mortality rates of 30 and 90 days postoperatively (P > .05). Discussion: Because of lower systemic absorption and a higher concentration in the wound, topical use of TXA is safer for elderly patients who may have renal or liver dysfunction. TXA at therapeutic concentration does not affect platelet count, platelet aggregation, or coagulation parameters, and is of value in elderly patients who take antiplatelet drug for secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.Conclusion: For patients between 80 and 100 years of age with femoral neck fracture undergoing HA, intra-articular injection of TXA may reduce the perioperative blood loss and transfusion rate without increasing risk of thrombosis.