Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy and peritoneal lavage in the intensive care unit

Background: Early diagnosis and treatment of intraabdominal pathology in critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients remains a clinical challenge. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of portable, bedside diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) in the ICU for patients suspected of intra-abdominal pathology, and to contrast its accuracy with diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL). Methods: All adult ICU patients for whom a general surgery consultation was requested were eligible. Patients with a recent laparotomy or obvious peritonitis were excluded. All procedures were performed in the ICU. Results: Over a consecutive 16-month period, 12 patients underwent DPL/DL. Ages ranged from 28 to 88 (mean, 72) years. Causative findings were disclosed by DL in five patients, (42%) including intestinal ischemia in two. Perforated diverticulitis, thickened terminal ileum, and nonpurulent peritonitis were found in one patient each. All patients with findings by DL had a positive DPL (WBC > 200 cells/ mm(3)), and one negative laparoscopy was positive by lavage. The average length of time to perform DPL was 14 min, and to complete DL 19 min. One patient underwent laparotomy based on DPL/DL and survived along with three others with negative DPL/DL. Eight patients died (67%), four from their surgically untreated intra-abdominal pathology. One patient sustained a procedure-related complication of bradycardia and high ventilatory airway pressures. Peak airway pressures increased an average of 8 mmHg and were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than pre-DL pressures without any significant change in end-tidal CO2 or pCO(2). There were no statistically significant hemodynamic changes based on mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), or pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP). Conclusions: Bedside laparoscopy can be performed rapidly and safely in the ICU. In predicting the need for laparotomy, DL was more accurate than DPL.