Capacity Scaling of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: Shannon Meets Maxwell

In this paper, we characterize the information-theoretic capacity scaling of wireless ad hoc networks with n randomly distributed nodes. By using an exact channel model from Maxwell's equations, we successfully resolve the conflict in the literature between the linear capacity scaling by Ozgur et al. and the degrees of freedom limit given as the ratio of the network diameter and the wavelength lambda by Franceschetti et al. In dense networks where the network area is fixed, the capacity scaling is given as the minimum of n and the degrees of freedom limit lambda(-1) to within an arbitrarily small exponent. In extended networks where the network area is linear in n, the capacity scaling is given as the minimum of n and the degrees of freedom limit root n lambda(-1) to within an arbitrarily small exponent. Hence, we recover the linear capacity scaling by Ozgur et al. if lambda = O(n(-1)) in dense networks and if lambda = O(n(-1/2)) in extended networks. Otherwise, the capacity scaling is given as the degrees of freedom limit characterized by Franceschetti et al. For achievability, a modified hierarchical cooperation is proposed based on a lower bound on the capacity of multiple-input multiple-output channel between two node clusters using our channel model.