Optimizing the light delivery of linear-array-based photoacoustic systems by double acoustic reflectors

Although linear transducer arrays have been intensely used in photoacoustic imaging, their geometrical shape constrains light illumination. Today, most linear array based photoacoustic systems utilize side-illumination geometry, which consists of two line fiber bundles attached to the side of the probe. The angled light illumination increases the light travel distance in deep tissue, consequently limiting the imaging depth. This issue was partially addressed by adding a right angle prism in front of the transducer. While this design makes the light illumination and acoustic detection co-axial, the transducer and the fiber bundles are orthogonal to each other, making the system inconvenient for handheld use. To overcome this limitation, here we propose a double-reflector design, in which the second reflector redirects the acoustic signals by another 90 degrees, so that the transducer and the fiber bundle are now parallel to each other. In this design, both the transducer and fiber bundle output are fitted into a compact housing for convenient handheld imaging. To evaluate the efficiency of our design, we performed various phantom and human in vivo experiments. Our results demonstrate that the double-reflector design indeed provides deeper imaging depth and it also allows for easy imaging of objects with uneven surfaces.