Effects of single-walled carbon nanotube filter on culturability and diversity of environmental bioaerosols

In this study, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) filters were prepared using mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters and carbon nanotubes with three levels of loading: 0.02, 0.16 and 0.64 mg/cm(2). Both MCE and SWNT filters were used to collect bacterial and fungal aerosols with a total volume of 200 L air sampled in indoor and outdoor environments. After sampling, the filters were directly placed on agar plates at 26 degrees C for culturing. The culturable aerosol counts were manually obtained both for MCE and SWNT filters, and the resulting bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) were washed off and subjected to the culturable bioaerosol diversity analysis using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). For fungal CFUs, microscopy method was used to study the diversity obtained using different filter types. The results showed that use of SWNT filters with medium and high CNT loadings resulted in significant reduction (up to 2 logs) of culturable bacterial and fungal aerosol counts compared to MCE filters in both environments. For low CNT loading (0.02 mg/cm(2)), very limited inactivation effects were observed for fungal aerosols, while more bacterial counts were obtained possibly due to increased sampling efficiency. PCR-DGGE analysis revealed that SWNT filters at high CNT loading (0.64 mg/cm(2)) resulted in lowest culturable bioaerosol diversity, especially pronounced for outdoor bacterial aerosols. For low and medium CNT loading, the culturable bacterial aerosol diversity remained similar. Fungal aerosol analysis showed that the use of SWNT filters with medium to high CNT loading also resulted in significant reduction of fungal species diversity. The results here demonstrated great promise of the SWNT hybrid filter in controlling biological aerosols, and suggested its potential to impact current air conditioning system. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.