Higher mucosal type II immunity is associated with increased gut microbiota diversity in BALB/c mice after Trichinella spiralis infection

Understanding the interaction between the gut microbiota and Trichinella spiralis is of interest for the early diagnosis and development of therapeutics for trichinellosis and to reveal the potential role of microbiota in the mechanism of immunomodulation of this tissue-dwelling helminth. In this study, we utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing to monitor the dynamics of the microbes in BALB/c mice challenged with T. spiralis. Flow cytometry and ELISA were used to analyze cytokines at the same time. Histopathological analysis of the duodenum was also conducted. We found that microbial perturbations occurred during infection. The abundance of the Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Ruminococcus 1 and Lactococcus decreased. However, the abundance of proinflammatory Parabacteroides increased over time after infection. T. spiralis infection also tended to inhibit IFN-gamma production, and promote IL-4 and IL-10 levels. In total, T. spiralis disrupts gut homeostasis and impairs the development of the intestinal ecosystem. Defining the bacterial populations affected by T. spiralis infection might help identify microbial markers for diagnosis of the disease, and the populations could also be further exploited as a novel option to treat T. spiralis infection.