Time-related eating patterns and chronotype are associated with diet quality in pregnant women

Animal studies strongly suggest that timed feeding can have beneficial physiological effects, including protection against the obesogenic and metabolic consequences of a high-fat diet. However, the relationship between variables related to the timing of eating and diet quality in pregnancy women, which is considered as a period of nutritional vulnerability, is still poorly described in the literature. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between time-related eating patterns and chronotype with diet quality of pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 pregnant women in the first gestational trimester (<= 12 weeks of gestation). The information regarding food intake was obtained by three 24-Hour Dietary Recall (24HR). Time-related eating patterns, i.e., the interval between the first and the last meal (eating duration), nightly fasting, time of the first and last meals, and number of meals eating on a day were determined. Chronotype was derived using the mid-sleep time on free days on weekends, with a further correction for calculated sleep debt. Diet quality was evaluated using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R), validated for the Brazilian population. Linear regression modeling analyses adjusted for confounders were used to investigate the association between time-related eating patterns and chronotype with diet quality. The BHEI-R total score was negatively associated with time of the first meal (beta = -0.355; p = 0.002; r(2) adjusted = 0.141), and positively associated with eating duration (beta = 0.262; p = 0.024; r(2) adjusted = 0.086) and number of meals (beta = 0.273; p = 0.019; r(2) adjusted = 0.091). In addition, the score of total fruit component was negatively associated with chronotype (beta = -0.236; p = 0.033; r(2) adjusted = 0.078), time of the first meal (beta = -0.393; p = 0.001; r(2) adjusted = 0.171), and positively associated with eating duration (beta = 0.259; p = 0.022; r(2) adjusted = 0.087) and number of meals (beta = 0.376; p = 0.001; r(2) adjusted = 0.159). The score for whole fruit component was negatively associated with time of the first meal (beta = -0.388; p = 0.001; r(2) adjusted = 0.152), and positively associated with number of meals (beta = 0.403; p = 0.001; r(2) adjusted = 0.164). A longer eating duration, earlier time of the first meal, higher number of meals and morningness tendency are associated with a better diet quality in the first gestational trimester - higher scores of the total BHEI-R and/or fruit components. We suggest that nutritional guidelines should consider time-related eating patterns and chronotype to ensure good diet quality of pregnant women since the beginning of gestation, contributing on prevention of metabolic-nutritional complications.