The safener isoxadifen-ethyl confers fenoxaprop-p-ethyl resistance on a biotype of Echinochloa crus-galli

BACKGROUND Some herbicides are commercially formulated with safeners to increase crop selectivity. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl is formulated with the safener isoxadifen-ethyl for Echinochloa crus-galli control in rice. Safeners act on crops by increasing herbicide metabolism, but this effect may also occur in weeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the safener isoxadifen-ethyl on the resistance to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl in a biotype of E. crus-galli. RESULTS A screening of 52 biotypes identified lack of control in the biotype SANTPAT-R treated with the recommended dose of 69 g ha(-1) of the commercial formulation of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl with the safener isoxadifen-ethyl. While this biotype survived doses greater than 2208 g ha(-1) of the formulation fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + isoxadifen-ethyl, it was killed with 69 g ha(-1) of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl without the safener. A glutathione-s-transferase (GST) enzymes inhibitor reduced the resistance factor in two dose-response curves. A minor effect of a CytP450 inhibitor was observed. The previous spraying of the safener isoxadifen-ethyl followed by fenoxaprop-p-ethyl induced survival in the resistant but not in the susceptible biotype. The GST1 and GSTF1 genes were up-regulated in the resistant biotype. ACCase gene mutations were not found, and no cross-resistance to other ACCase inhibitors was identified. CONCLUSION The safener isoxadifen-ethyl present in the commercial herbicide formulation of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl is associated with resistance in the E. crus-galli SANTPAT-R biotype. This resistance is related with herbicide metabolization mediated by GST pathways. This is the first field-selected weed biotype with herbicide resistance due to safener presence in the sprayed formulation. (c) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.