Reference values of arterial stiffness parameters and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish population. The EVA Study

Introduction and objectives: To describe, for the first time, reference values for the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (BA-PWV), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV), and the central augmentation index and to establish their association with cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish adult population aged 35 to 75 years without cardiovascular disease. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study. Through random sampling stratified by age and sex, we included 501 participants without cardiovascular disease. The mean age was 55.9 years and 50.3% were women. The measurements were taken using the SphigmoCor and Vasera VS-1500 devices. Results: Values for all measures, except those for the central augmentation index, were higher in men and increased with age and blood pressure. The mean values were as follows: CAVI, 8.01 +/- 1.44; BA-PWV, 12.93 +/- 2.68m/s; CF-PWV, 6.53 +/- 2.03 m/s, and central augmentation index, 26.84 +/- 12.79. On multiple regression analysis, mean blood pressure was associated with the 4 measures, glycated hemoglobin was associated with all measures except the central augmentation index, and body mass index showed an inverse association with CAVI. The explanatory capacity of age, sex, and mean blood pressure was 62% for BA-PWV, 49% for CF-PWV 49%, 54% for the CAVI, and 38% for the central augmentation index. On logistic regression, hypertension was associated with the CAVI (OR = 3.45), VOP-BT (OR = 3.44), VOP-CF (OR = 3.38) and with the central augmentation index (OR = 3.73). Conclusions: All arterial stiffness measures increased with age. The CAVI and CF-PWV were higher in men and the central augmentation index was higher in women, with no differences in BA-PWV. (C) 2019 Sociedad Espanola de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.