Numerical Solution of Richards' Equation: A Review of Advances and Challenges

The flow of water in partially saturated porous media is of importance in fields such as hydrology, agriculture, environment and waste management. It is also one of the most complex flows in nature. The Richards' equation describes the flow of water in an unsaturated porous medium due to the actions of gravity and capillarity neglecting the flow of the non-wetting phase, usually air. Analytical solutions of Richards' equation exist only for simplified cases, so most practical situations require a numerical solution in one-two-or threedimensions, depending on the problem and complexity of the flow situation. Despite the fact that the first reasonably complete conservative numerical solution method was published in the early 1990s, the numerical solution of the Richards' equation remains computationally expensive and in certain circumstances, unreliable. A universally robust and accurate solution methodology has not yet been identified that is applicable across the range of soils, initial and boundary conditions found in practice. Existing solution codes have been modified over years to attempt to increase robustness. Despite theoretical results on the existence of solutions given sufficiently regular data and constitutive relations, our numerical methods often fail to demonstrate reliable convergence behavior in practice, especially for higher-order methods. Because of robustness, the lack of higher-order accuracy and computational expense, alternative solution approaches or methods are needed. There is also a need for better documentation of improved solution methodologies and benchmark test problems to facilitate consistent advances and avoid re-inventing of the wheel.