Identification of epigenetic histone modifications and analysis of histone lysine methyltransferases in Alexandrium pacificum

Alexandrium pacificum is a toxic dinoflagellate that can cause harmful algal blooms (HABs). The molecular mechanisms of HABs are still poorly understood, especially at the epigenetics level. Organism growth and metabolic processes are affected by histone modifications, an important mode of epigenetic regulation. In this study, various types of modifications, including methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation in A. pacificum cells were identified by using pan-antibodies, mass spectrometry, and an H3 modification multiplex assay kit. The modification abundance of H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 of A. pacificum varied under different growth conditions detected by Western blots. A class of SET domain genes (SDGs) encoding histone lysine methyltransferase was analyzed. A total of 179 SDG members were identified in A. pacificum, of which 53 sequences encoding complete proteins were classified into three categories by phylogenetic analysis, conserved domains and motifs analysis. Expression analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction validation showed that the expressions of some SDGs were significantly influenced by light, nitrogen, phosphorus and manganese supplements. The results revealed that histone lysine methylation played an important role in responding to HABs inducing conditions. This study provided useful information for the further exploration of the role and regulatory mechanism of SDGs in the rapid growth of A. pacificum.