Integrated nutrient recovery from source-separated domestic wastewaters for application as fertilisers

Source separation and decentralised treatment of domestic wastewaters for resource recovery have matured into a viable alternative for large-scale centralised treatment. The separate collection of toilet wastewater facilitates optimised treatment of the separate flows for efficient resource recovery. Practical examples are set at the four demonstration sites of EU-project Run4Life.(5) Socio-economical and legislative aspects are important in the applicability of these concepts and recovered products, as well as hygienic safety, heavy metals and organic micropollutants. Depending on site-specific issues, different technologies can be integrated to recover products that meet the requirements of agriculture and society.