An overview of microgrid protection methods and the factors involved

Microgrid is a distribution system composed of a set of micro-generators which are added to a network. One serious challenge facing a microgrid network is designing a proper protection scheme. This is because the fault current in a microgrid is constantly changing due to the presence of distributed generation (DG) resources at all levels of the distribution network and to the fact that they can operate in two islanding and normal modes. This makes the conventional methods inappropriate for microgrid protection. That is, new schemes should be developed for this purpose. This paper is a summary of studies recently carried out in the field of microgrid protection. Along this line, the structure and topology of microgrids are reviewed first. Afterwards, the protective challenges facing DG-equipped distribution networks are discussed. Then, the innovative methods proposed to solve these problems are analyzed. These methods can be divided up into six main categories: changing settings of protective devices at presence of DG units, disconnecting pertinent DG units when faults occur, creating a balance among different DG technologies, using fault current limiter, using smart transformers, and adaptive protection. In so doing, we consider the factors involved in selecting each method. The factors identified are microgrid type and topology, DG type, communication type and delay time, method of fault detection and analysis, relay type, fault type, method of grounding, and use of smart transformers in microgrid. It is hoped that this work will be useful to the researchers in the field of microgrid protection in finding relevant references and designing appropriate methods. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.