Climate change in urban versus rural areas

The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the emissions, changes in land use, such as urbanization aural areasnd agriculture. The urban environment has distinctive bioclimatical factors in relation to rural areas. The process of urbanization alters natural surface and atmospheric conditions. Urban areas are characteristic by increased rainwater surface runoff, increased temperatures and decreased evaporation. Exactly evaporation warms the rural surface more than the urban. The paper concerns on the impacts of urbanization that are evaluated by observations in cities with those in rural areas - not so populated and with smaller built areas. We use and asses the difference between trends in monthly average temperatures and trends in monthly precipitations in the cities and the corresponding trends in rural areas. For the trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall nonparametric test is used. Our results show differences in trends in villages and cities. Observed are increased trends in temperature and decreased trends in precipitation due to urban and land-use changes. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.