Investigation of pilot-scale 8040 FO membrane module under different operating conditions for brackish water desalination

Two spiral wound forward osmosis membrane modules with different spacer designs (corrugated spacer [CS] and medium spacer [MS]) were investigated for the fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FO) desalination of brackish groundwater (BGW) at a pilot-scale level. This study mainly focused on examining the influence of various operating conditions such as feed flow rate, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of the BGW feed, and draw solution (DS) concentrations using ammonium sulfate ((NH4)(2)SO4, SOA) on the performance of two membrane modules. The feed flow rate played a positive role in the average water flux of the pilot-scale FO membrane module due to enhanced mass transfer coefficient across the membrane surface. Feed TDS and DS concentrations also played a significant role in both FO membrane modules because they are directly related to the osmotic driving force and membrane fouling tendency. CS module performed slightly better than MS module during all experiments due to probably enhanced mass transfer and lower fouling propensity associated with the CS. Besides, CS spacer provides larger channel space that can accommodate larger volumes of DS, and hence, could maintain higher DS concentration. However, the extent of dilution for the CS module is slightly lower.