Use of slow atomization ramp in high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Ni in slurry powdered chocolate samples

A methodology for simultaneous (not sequential) determination of Cd and Ni in powder chocolate samples by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (HR-CS-GF-AAS) and slurry sample analysis was developed. Acid digestion of the samples was not necessary, considering the high total fat content of this type of matrix (above 10 %), and no apparent deterioration of the graphite tubes was even observed once these samples were subjected to analysis. Despite the volatilities of both elements are quite different, simultaneous quantification was achieved using a slow heating ramp atomization, covering a convenient and wide temperature gradient for Cd volatilization at low temperatures and subsequent atomization of Ni at elevated temperatures, using the same heating program without an apparent change in sensitivity. This slow heating ramp was essayed between 200 and 1500 degrees C.s(- 1) and optimized at 400 degrees C.s(- 1), achieving the simultaneous measuring of Cd in the principal line (228.8018 nm) and using a secondary for Ni (228.9984 nm). No stop events for sequential changes in wavelength or temperature additional steps were involved in the method and molecular spectral interferences overlapping the analyte signals were corrected appropriately by a pragmatic strategy taking advantage of the fine structure signals adjacent to analyte signals within the same spectrum recorded. Palladium matrix modifier and aqueous standards were used for the calibration and determination of both elements in the samples. The method accuracy was successfully confirmed using a reference material (NIST SRM 1573a). An improvement in the sensitivity of Ni was found using a greater number of pixels for signal integration, central and five adjacent pixels (CP +/- 5), while a lengthening of the linear range of Cd was obtained by using an attenuated signal (+/- 2) or using only one pixel (CP). The limits of detection were 0.027 mu g g(-1) and 0.22 mu g g(-1) for Cd and Ni respectively by this simple methodology using aqueous standards for calibration and the simultaneous determination of both elements in the same measurement. The respective limits of quantification for Cd and Ni were 0.090 and 0.72 mu g g(-1) and the relative standard deviations in samples (n = 5) were about 4-20% and 0.3-11% for Cd and Ni respectively. The optimized method was used for the determination of both elements in real samples purchased from retail supermarkets finding variable concentrations between 0.5 and 5.7 mu g g(-1) for Cd and 2.1-10.9 mu g g(-1) for Ni, comparable to levels reported in the literature referred to elsewhere in the world.