Trait mindfulness at work: A meta-analysis of the personal and professional correlates of trait mindfulness

Popular and academic press alike have concluded that mindfulness significantly benefits healthy individuals as well as those suffering from physical and psychological problems. Workplace interventions, clinical therapies, and popular self-help programs aimed at enhancing mindfulness abound, and research has demonstrated the efficacy of such mindfulness interventions in enhancing mindful states. It is of importance to note that research also suggests the average frequency with which individuals experience states of mindfulness varies from person to person, underscoring the existence of a dispositional tendency toward mindfulnesstrait mindfulness. We meta-analytically cumulate the results of 270 independent studies (N=58,592 adults from nonclinical samples) of trait mindfulness in order to explore its personal and professional correlates. Results suggest the benefits of trait mindfulness extend to both personal and professional domains. With regards to personal benefits, trait mindfulness was found to be positively correlated with confidence (=.39), mental health (=.38), emotional regulation (=.40), and life satisfaction (=.36), and negatively correlated with perceived life stress (=-.43), negative emotions (=-.40), anxiety (=-.34), and depression (=-.38). Professionally, results suggest trait mindfulness may benefit job satisfaction (=.29), performance (=.34), and interpersonal relations (=.31), while also reducing burnout (=-.48) and work withdrawal (=-.17). Meta-analytic regressions also suggest trait mindfulness adds incremental predictive variance over more traditional predictors of employee burnout and work performance.