Experimental investigations of regimes of bubble formation on submerged orifices under constant flow condition

Regimes of bubble formation on a submerged orifice under constant flow conditions were investigated experimentally. The effects of orifice diameter, surface characteristics (contact angle and roughness) and surface tension on the regimes of bubble formation were studied for a wide range of gas flow rates. In particular, the transitions of period-1 to period-2 bubbling regime, with pairing or with coalescence at the orifice, and period-2 to chaotic bubbling were investigated in detail. An attempt is made to provide a generalized bubble formation regime map constructed using appropriate dimensionless numbers. The physical understanding of various bubbling regimes and the experimental data on the effects of various system parameters are expected to contribute to the development and validation of analytical and CFD models.