A simple and high-hiding capacity method for hiding digit-by-digit data in images based on modulus function

This study presents a simple method for high-hiding capacity. The basic concept uses a modulus operation. The proposed method has the following advantages: (1) the proposed method outperforms the simple LSB substitution method given the same range (0-m - 1) of data digits in the embedded data; (2) the proposed method achieves good image vision quality without the need for post-processing; (3) the proposed method is almost as simple as the LSB method in both coding and decoding; (4) the smaller error advantage over the simple LSB substitution method can also be mathematically verified; (5) the error is smaller than [(m - 1)/2] for almost every pixel; (6) the proposed method has high-hiding capacity (for example, the proposed method can hide a 256 x 256 or 256 x 512 image in a 512 x 512 host image). (C) 2003 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.