Classification of Arctic, midlatitude and tropical clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime

被引:45
作者
Costa, Anja [1 ]
Meyer, Jessica [1 ,6 ]
Afchine, Armin [1 ]
Luebke, Anna [1 ,7 ]
Guenther, Gebhard [1 ]
Dorsey, James R. [2 ]
Gallagher, Martin W. [2 ]
Ehrlich, Andre [3 ]
Wendisch, Manfred [3 ]
Baumgardner, Darrel [4 ]
Wex, Heike [5 ]
Kraemer, Martina [1 ]
机构
[1] Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich, Germany
[2] Univ Manchester, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England
[3] Univ Leipzig, Leipziger Inst Meteorol, Leipzig, Germany
[4] Droplet Measurement Technol, Longmont, CO 80503 USA
[5] Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany
[6] Bundesanstalt Arbeitsschutz & Arbeitsmed, Dortmund, Germany
[7] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Atmosphere Earth Syst Dept, Hamburg, Germany
基金
巴西圣保罗研究基金会;
关键词
ICE NUCLEATION; STRATOCUMULUS; DISTRIBUTIONS; MICROPHYSICS; PARTICLES; EVOLUTION; WEATHER; SURFACE; LAYER; TOP;
D O I
10.5194/acp-17-12219-2017
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The degree of glaciation of mixed-phase clouds constitutes one of the largest uncertainties in climate prediction. In order to better understand cloud glaciation, cloud spectrometer observations are presented in this paper, which were made in the mixed-phase temperature regime between 0 and 38 degrees C (273 to 235 K), where cloud particles can either be frozen or liquid. The extensive data set covers four airborne field campaigns providing a total of 139 000 1 Hz data points (38.6 h within clouds) over Arctic, midlatitude and tropical regions. We develop algorithms, combining the information on number concentration, size and asphericity of the observed cloud particles to classify four cloud types: liquid clouds, clouds in which liquid droplets and ice crystals coexist, fully glaciated clouds after the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process and clouds where secondary ice formation occurred. We quantify the occurrence of these cloud groups depending on the geographical region and temperature and find that liquid clouds dominate our measurements during the Arctic spring, while clouds dominated by the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process are most common in midlatitude spring. The coexistence of liquid water and ice crystals is found over the whole mixed-phase temperature range in tropical convective towers in the dry season. Secondary ice is found at midlatitudes at 5 to 10 degrees C (268 to 263 K) and at higher altitudes, i.e. lower temperatures in the tropics. The distribution of the cloud types with decreasing temperature is shown to be consistent with the theory of evolution of mixed-phase clouds. With this study, we aim to contribute to a large statistical database on cloud types in the mixed-phase temperature regime.
引用
收藏
页码:12219 / 12238
页数:20
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